Spanish Leadership and Cruelty in An expedition by Miguel...

Philippines Research Paper 30,000 years ago, it is believed that the Negritos have migrated to the Philippines from Borneo, Sumatra, and Malaya. Following that, the Malayans followed in successive waves. The Malayan culture has survived to this day among certain groups such as the Igorots. The later Malayan tribes that came had more highly developed cultures. In the 14th century, Arab traders introduced Islam to the islands and extended their influence. In 1521, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition around the world, and one of his resting points was in the Philippines. One of the other Spanish expeditions was in 1542 by Là ³pez de Villalobos from Mexico, who named the islands after Philip II. An expedition by Miguel†¦show more content†¦In February, 1899, Aguinaldo led a new revolt, the Philippine-American War. The U.S. captured of Aguinaldo on March 23, 1901 and in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all people in the Philip pine archipelago who had participated in the conflict, effectively ending the war. After World War II, Manuel Roxas became the first president of the Republic of the Philippines when independence was granted, as scheduled, on July 4, 1946 from the United States. As time went along, the Philippines had more presidents after Roxas, including Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcà ­a, and Diosdado Macapagal, all who served 4-year terms. Then, the president after Macapagal, Ferdinand E. Marcos, served as president from 1965 to 1986. During this time, government corruption and civil disorder increased. After a series of fraud attempts in the 1986 elections, Marcos lost his support and Corazon Aquino became president. In 1992, Fidel Ramos succeeded Aquino and Joseph Marcelo Estrada was elected as president in 1998. In November, 2000, Estrada was impeached by the House of Representatives and in 2001 the Supreme Court stripped him of his power and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was sworn in as Estrada’s successor. On June 30, 2010, Benigno Aquino III became the president of the Philippines. Works Cited â€Å"Philippine History.† Pinas. N.p., n.d. Web. 2012. 27 May 2014. http://pinas.dlsu.edu.ph/history/history.html.

The Flaws of Incarceration in America Essay - 1366 Words

The United States has a larger percent of its population incarcerated than any other country. America is responsible for a quarter of the world’s inmates, and its incarceration rate is growing exponentially. The expense generated by these overcrowded prisons cost the country a substantial amount of money every year. While people are incarcerated for a number of reasons, the country’s prisons are focused on punishment rather than reform, and the result is a misguided system that fails to rehabilitate criminals or discourage crime. The ineffectiveness of the United States’ criminal justice system is caused by mass incarceration of non-violent offenders, racial profiling, and a high rate of recidivism. The majority of prisoners incarcerated†¦show more content†¦Arizona has strict laws that force minimum sentencing on most of its first time offenders, and all repeat offenders who have had a past felony. Because of its laws, only 5 percent of Arizona’s criminal cases receive a trial, all of the others are settled outside of court, without any information about the accused from their families or probation officers (Hooker, Hirsh). This means that most of the people being persecuted in the state are given a mandatory minimum sentence. Although a large population of the country’s prisoners has been persecuted for drug crimes, a lack of any reformative programs in many prisons has caused those who are addicted to drugs to have no chance of rehabilitation while they live out their sentences. Another anti-drug legislation that dictates mandatory sentencing for a particular type of crime levies unequal punishment for similar crimes. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act was passed by Congress in 1986, and it stated that people accused of possessing crack cocaine faced a more harsh penalty than those accused of possessing powder cocaine, despite being scientifically proven to have the same effect on the user (Conyers 381). This caused a drastic rise of federal criminals serving mandatory sentencing for first time, nonviolent drug offences. The 1988 OmnibusShow MoreRelatedThe American Criminal Justice System1398 Words   |  6 Pageshas its flaws. There are many flaws but the largest three, in my opinion, would be the fact that we have the highest incarceration rate of any other country, the high penalties for drug users, as well as the jury system. The high incarceration rates and the penalties for drug users affect each other but they are still issues on their own. In fact, many of issues within our system coincide within each other. 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A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones† (Nelson Mandela, 1994). The United States of America has more people behind bars than any other country on the planet. The prisons are at over double capacity. It cost a lot of money to house prisoners each year. A large number of the prisoners are there because of drug related offensesRead MoreSocial Problems From Crime, Criminal Justice, And Incarceration1511 Words   |  7 PagesProblems from Crime, Criminal Justice, Juvenile Delinquency, Prison System, and Incarceration Billy Marquardt â€Æ' There are many different situations going on in the United States. What is going on in our country becomes a social issues that the whole country will have to deal with. Crime, criminal justice, juvenile delinquency, the prison system, and incarceration are all problems that are prevailing in our media. Flaws in the system, violence, and outbreaks are making people more aware of what is

Government Intervention Of The Internet Essay Example For Students

Government Intervention Of The Internet Essay Computer ScienceGovernment Intervention of the InternetDuring the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to movelarge amounts of information across large distances quickly. Computerization hasinfluenced everyones life. The natural evolution of computers and this need forultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global net allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second, and enables even the common person to access information world-wide. With advances such as software that allows users with a sound card to use the Internet as a carrier for long distance voice calls and video conferencing, this network is key to the future of the knowledge society. At present, this net is the epitome of the first amendment: free speech. It is a place where people can speak their mind without being reprimanded for what they say, or how they choose to say it. The key to the world-wide success of the Internet is its protection of free speech, not only in America, but in other countries where free speech is not protected by a constitution. To be found on the Internet is a huge collection of obscene graphics, Anarchists cookbooks and countless other things that offend some people. With over 30 million Internet users in the U.S. alone (only 3 million of which surf the net from home), everything is bound to offend someone. The newest wave of laws floating through law making bodies around the world threatens to stifle this area of spontaneity. Recently, Congress has been considering passing laws that will make it a crime punishable by jail to send vulgar language over the net, and to export encryption software. No matter how small, any attempt at government intervention in the Internet will stifle the greatest communication innovation of this century. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and they are trying to use the protection of chil dren as a smoke screen to pass laws that will allow them to regulate and censor the Internet, while banning techniques that could eliminate the need for regulation. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while wide spread encryption could help prevent the need for government intervention. The current body of laws existing today in America does not apply well to theInternet. Is the Internet like a bookstore, where servers cannot be expected toreview every title? Is it like a phone company who must ignore what it carriesbecause of privacy? Is it like a broadcasting medium, where the governmentmonitors what is broadcast? The trouble is that the Internet can be all or none ofthese things depending on how its used. The Internet cannot be viewed as onetype of transfer medium under current broadcast definitions. The Internet differs from broadcasting media in that one cannot just happen upon avulgar site without first entering a complicated address, or fo llowing a link fromanother source. The Internet is much more like going into a book store andchoosing to look at adult magazines. (Miller 75). Jim Exon, a democratic senator from Nebraska, wants to pass a decency billregulating the Internet. If the bill passes, certain commercial servers that postpictures of unclad beings, like those run by Penthouse or Playboy, would of coursebe shut down immediately or risk prosecution. The same goes for any amateurweb site that features nudity, sex talk, or rough language. Posting any dirty wordsin a Usenet discussion group, which occurs routinely, could make one liable for a$50,000 fine and six months in jail. Even worse, if a magazine that commonly runssome of those nasty words in its pages, The New Yorker for instance, decided topost its contents on-line, its leaders would be held responsible for a $100,000 fineand two years in jail. Why does it suddenly become illegal to post something thathas been legal for years in print? Exons bill apparen tly would also criminalizeprivate mail, I can call my brother on the phone and say anythingbut if I sayit on the Internet, its illegal (Levy 53). Congress, in their pursuit of regulations, seems to have overlooked the fact that themajority of the adult material on the Internet comes from overseas. Although manyU.S. government sources helped fund Arpanet, the predecessor to the Internet,they no longer control it. Many of the new Internet technologies, including theWorld Wide Web, have come from overseas. There is no clear boundary betweeninformation held in the U.S. and information stored in other countries. Data held inforeign computers is just as accessible as data in America, all it takes is the click ofa mouse to access. Even if our government tried to regulate the Internet, we haveno control over what is posted in other countries, and we have no practical way tostop it. The Internets predecessor was originally designed to uphold communications aftera nuclear attack by rerouting data to compensate for destroyed telephone lines andservers. Todays Internet still works on a similar design. The very nature thisdesign allows the Internet to overcome any kind of barriers put in its way. If amajor line between two servers, say in two countries, is cut, then the Internet userswill find another way around this obstacle. This obstacle avoidance makes itvirtually impossible to separate an entire nation from indecent information in othercountries. If it was physically possible to isolate Americas computers from the restof the world, it would be devastating to our economy. Recently, a major university attempted to regulate what types of Internet access itsstudents had, with results reminiscent of a 1960s protest. A research associate atCarnegie Mellon University conducted a study of pornography on the schoolscomputer networks. Martin Rimm put together quite a large picture collection(917,410 images) and he also tracked how often each image had been downloaded(a total o f 6.4 million). Pictures of similar content had recently been declaredobscene by a local court, and the school feared they might be held responsible forthe content of its network. The school administration quickly removed access to allthese pictures, and to the newsgroups where most of this obscenity is suspected tocome from. A total of 80 newsgroups were removed, causing a large disturbanceamong the student body, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the ElectronicFrontier Foundation, all of whom felt this was unconstitutional. After only half aweek, the college had backed down, and restored the newsgroups. This is a tinyexample of what may happen if the government tries to impose censorship(Elmer-Dewitt 102). Currently, there is software being released that promises to block childrens accessto known X-rated Internet newsgroups and sites. However, since most adults relyon their computer literate children to setup these programs, the children will be ableto find ways around them. This mimics real life, where these children would surelybe able to get their hands on an adult magazine. Regardless of what types ofsoftware or safeguards are used to protect the children of the Information age,there will be ways around them. This necessitates the education of the children todeal with reality. Altered views of an electronic world translate easily into alteredviews of the real world. When it comes to our children, censorship is a far lessimportant issue than good parenting. We must teach our kids that the Internet is aextension and a reflection of the real world, and we have to show them how toenjoy the good things and avoid the bad things. This isnt the governmentsresponsibility. Its ours (Miller 76). Not all restrictions on electronic speech are bad. Most of the major on-linecommunication companies have restrictions on what their users can say. Theymust respect their customers privacy, however. Private E-mail content is off limitsto them, but they may act swiftly u pon anyone who spouts obscenities in a publicforum. Self regulation by users and servers is the key to avoiding government imposedintervention. Many on-line sites such as Playboy and Penthouse have started toregulated themselves. Both post clear warnings that adult content lies ahead andlists the countries where this is illegal. The film and videogame industries subjectthemselves to ratings, and if Internet users want to avoid government imposedregulations, then it is time they begin to regulate themselves. It all boils down toprotecting children from adult material, while protecting the first amendment rightto free speech between adults. Government attempts to regulate the Internet are not just limited to obscenity andvulgar language, it also reaches into other areas, such as data encryption. By nature, the Internet is an insecure method of transferring data. A single E-mailpacket may pass through hundreds of computers from its source to destination. Ateach computer, there is the c hance that the data will be archived and someone mayintercept that data. Credit card numbers are a frequent target of hackers. Views on the British Empire EssayAll that needs to be done is click YES to four questions dealing with exportationand use of the program, and it is there for the taking. This seems to be a lot oftrouble to protect a program from spreading that is already world wide. Thegovernment wants to protect their ability to legally wiretap, but what good does itdo them to stop encryption in foreign countries? They cannot legally wiretapsomeone in another country, and they sure cannot ban encryption in the U.S. The government has not been totally blind to the need for encryption. For nearlytwo decades, a government sponsored algorithm, Data Encryption Standard (DES),has been used primarily by banks. The government always maintained the ability todecipher this code with their powerful supercomputers. Now that new forms ofencryption have been devised that the government cant decipher, they areproposing a new standard to replace DES. This new standard is called Clipper, andis based on the public key algorithms. Instead of software, Clipper is a microchipthat can be incorporated into just about anything (Television, Telephones, etc.). This algorithm uses a much longer key that is 16 million times more powerful thanDES. It is estimated that todays fastest computers would take 400 billion years tobreak this code using every possible key. (Lehrer 378). The catch: At the time ofmanufacture, each Clipper chip will be loaded with its own unique key, and theGovernment gets to keep a copy, placed in escrow. Not to worry, though theGovernment promises that they will use these keys to read your traffic only whenduly authorized by law. Of course, to make Clipper completely effective, the nextlogical step would be to outlaw other forms of cryptography (Zimmerman). If privacy is outlawed, only outlaws will have privacy. Intelligence agencies haveaccess to good cryptographic technology. So do the big arms and drug traffickers. So do defense contractors, oil companies, and other corporate giants. But ordinarypeople and grassroots political organizations mostly have not had access toaffordable military grade public-key cryptographic technology. Until now. PGPempowers people to take their privacy into their own hands. Theres a growingsocial need for it. Thats why I wrote it (Zimmerman). The most important benefits of encryption have been conveniently overlooked bythe government. If everyone used encryption, there would be absolutely no waythat an innocent bystander could happen upon something they choose not to see. Only the intended receiver of the data could decrypt it (using public keycryptography, not even the sender can decrypt it) and view its contents. Eachcoded message also has an encrypted signature verifying the senders identity. Thesenders secret key can be used to encrypt an enclosed signature message, therebysigning it. This creates a digital signature of a message, which the recipient (oranyone else) can check by using the senders public key to decrypt it. This provesthat the sender was the true originator of the message, and that the message hasnot been subsequently altered by anyone else, because the sender alone possessesthe secret key that made that signature. Forgery of a signed message is infeasible,and the sender cannot later disavow his signature(Zimmerman). Gone would bethe hate mail that causes many problems, and gone would be the ability to forge adocument with someone elses address. The government, if it did not have alteriormotives, should mandate encryption, not outla w it. As the Internet continues to grow throughout the world, more governments maytry to impose their views onto the rest of the world through regulations andcensorship. It will be a sad day when the world must adjust its views to conform tothat of the most prudish regulatory government. If too many regulations areinacted, then the Internet as a tool will become nearly useless, and the Internet as amass communication device and a place for freedom of mind and thoughts, willbecome non existent. The users, servers, and parents of the world must regulatethemselves, so as not to force government regulations that may stifle the bestcommunication instrument in history. If encryption catches on and becomes aswidespread as Zimmerman predicts it will, then there will no longer be a need forthe government to meddle in the Internet, and the biggest problem will work itselfout. The government should rethink its approach to the censorship and encryptionissues, allowing the Internet to continue t o grow and mature. Works Cited Emler-Dewitt, Philip. Censoring Cyberspace: Carnegie Mellons Attempt to BanSex from its Campus Computer Network Sends A Chill Along the Info Highway.Time 21 Nov. 1994; 102-105. Lehrer, Dan. The Secret Sharers: Clipper Chips and Cypherpunks. The Nation10 Oct. 1994; 376-379. Let the Internet Backlash Begin. Advertising Age 7 Nov. 1994; 24. Levy, Steven. The Encryption Wars: is Privacy Good or Bad? Newsweek 24Apr. 1995; 55-57. Miller, Michael. Cybersex Shock. PC Magazine 10 Oct. 1995; 75-76. Wilson, David. The Internet goes Crackers. Education Digest May 1995; 33-36. Zimmerman, Phil. (1995). Pretty Good Privacy v2.62, . Available Ftp:net-dist.mit.edu Directory: pub/pgp/dist File: Pgp262dc.zip